Aluminum products, with high strength , light weight , corrosion resistance, novel structure, easy assembly , timber saving , durable features , clams is unreasonable maintenance, installation and maintenance of aluminum extrusion products will also affect the appearance, surface color. It should be the correct care and maintenance methods .
1, the Aluminum Alloys in the handling process , you must gently , causing the surface to prevent the bump bumps, affect the surface appearance ;
2 , aluminum during transport must be covered with a tarpaulin to prevent rain , snow intrusion ;
3 , aluminum containers in a dry , bright, well-ventilated , non-corrosive climate , but should prevent rain, water, snow intrusion ;
4 , aluminum in storage , the bottom of the floor must skids are kept to the ground distance greater than 10CM;
5 , aluminum in storage , is strictly prohibited and chemical materials and wet materials stored together ;
6 , aluminum during the installation process , the surface must be affixed waterproof tape , contact with the wall of the frame material, must ensure that the surface profile of the oxide film and the film is not destroyed , but use a qualified cement , sand ;
7 , processed into doors, windows , the regular use of clean cloth and mild detergent to clean the aluminum surface .
2013年10月16日星期三
Aluminum features, applications and sources
Aluminum is a silvery white light metal , a very wide range of applications , known as the second metal , its production and consumption is second only to iron and steel . Bo is the density of aluminum 2 .7 × 103kg / m3, about steel l / 3. When the cross-sectional area and length are the same, the conductivity of copper aluminum 64 %, if calculated by mass , its conductivity is 200% copper , good thermal conductivity . As can be formed on the surface of a solid layer of thin aluminum oxide film , can prevent further oxidation , therefore , the aluminum in the atmosphere , water and some corrosive medium high corrosion resistance . Aluminum, plastic, easy to withstand pressure processing, can be drawn into filaments or pressed into thin slices ; while being able to make it through the cold and hardened alloy .
Aluminum is characterized by a low density , high specific strength (strength to density ratio ) , but also has good ductility and corrosion resistance. In addition, most of the aluminum alloy can be enhanced to the heat treatment method . According to their composition and production process, aluminum can be divided into deformable aluminum and cast aluminum . Which can be wrought aluminum alloy hot rolled , cold rolled , stamping , extrusion , bending, curling and other mechanical processing, so a wider use . Rust-proof aluminum alloy can be divided into (A1-Mn and Al-Mg based alloy ) , hard alloy (Al-Mg-si and Al? Cu-Mg alloy ) , hard aluminum (A1-Zn-Mg-cu alloy ) , wrought aluminum (Al-Mg-si-cu -based alloys) .
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys , mainly used in the construction industry , the production of windows and doors , partitions , ceiling, and outdoor decoration ; in the aerospace and defense industry sectors are also widely used aluminum alloys, manufacture of aircraft , ships , guns , etc. ; in power transmission , commonly used high strength steel wire reinforced aluminum cables for overhead lines ; addition , automobile manufacturing, container transport, daily necessities , household appliances , machinery and equipment and other fields have extensive use of aluminum and aluminum alloys .
With the production, consumption increases, the amount of waste aluminum products is also growing , and many are single-use aluminum products , products made to the product from the loss of use value is shorter, and therefore its disposal miscellaneous materials into the source of contamination . Meanwhile, aluminum and aluminum alloy is a kind of high environmental load materials , production requires a lot of power , therefore, how to make the best recycling of scrap materials, both the economic development needs, but also environmental protection requirements.
Miscellaneous scrap material stems from its wide range of applications . Differs in its use led to its composition, properties are quite different to the scrap material recycling and reuse create great difficulties . In order to cost less exhausted recycled aluminum , and to ensure the quality of recycled aluminum can continue to meet a variety of needs , the classification of scrap for recycling is very important. If you do not classify cleaning , screening and blind remelting , recycled product is not working, there may even become garbage again . To this end, the advanced industrial countries have developed a corresponding scrap standards or professional standards. For example, Japan's National Institute of Standards JIS (H119) based on aluminum scrap alloy type , recency , shape, divided into 28 kinds of sources , and the secondary alloy manufacturing processes and quality assessment have corresponding regulations.
Aluminum is characterized by a low density , high specific strength (strength to density ratio ) , but also has good ductility and corrosion resistance. In addition, most of the aluminum alloy can be enhanced to the heat treatment method . According to their composition and production process, aluminum can be divided into deformable aluminum and cast aluminum . Which can be wrought aluminum alloy hot rolled , cold rolled , stamping , extrusion , bending, curling and other mechanical processing, so a wider use . Rust-proof aluminum alloy can be divided into (A1-Mn and Al-Mg based alloy ) , hard alloy (Al-Mg-si and Al? Cu-Mg alloy ) , hard aluminum (A1-Zn-Mg-cu alloy ) , wrought aluminum (Al-Mg-si-cu -based alloys) .
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys , mainly used in the construction industry , the production of windows and doors , partitions , ceiling, and outdoor decoration ; in the aerospace and defense industry sectors are also widely used aluminum alloys, manufacture of aircraft , ships , guns , etc. ; in power transmission , commonly used high strength steel wire reinforced aluminum cables for overhead lines ; addition , automobile manufacturing, container transport, daily necessities , household appliances , machinery and equipment and other fields have extensive use of aluminum and aluminum alloys .
With the production, consumption increases, the amount of waste aluminum products is also growing , and many are single-use aluminum products , products made to the product from the loss of use value is shorter, and therefore its disposal miscellaneous materials into the source of contamination . Meanwhile, aluminum and aluminum alloy is a kind of high environmental load materials , production requires a lot of power , therefore, how to make the best recycling of scrap materials, both the economic development needs, but also environmental protection requirements.
Miscellaneous scrap material stems from its wide range of applications . Differs in its use led to its composition, properties are quite different to the scrap material recycling and reuse create great difficulties . In order to cost less exhausted recycled aluminum , and to ensure the quality of recycled aluminum can continue to meet a variety of needs , the classification of scrap for recycling is very important. If you do not classify cleaning , screening and blind remelting , recycled product is not working, there may even become garbage again . To this end, the advanced industrial countries have developed a corresponding scrap standards or professional standards. For example, Japan's National Institute of Standards JIS (H119) based on aluminum scrap alloy type , recency , shape, divided into 28 kinds of sources , and the secondary alloy manufacturing processes and quality assessment have corresponding regulations.
2013年9月17日星期二
Brief special sublimation powder coating aluminum
Powder coatings, often referred to as dry paint is an environmentally friendly product that can offer more variety and more colors . We see more and more industries , more and more areas of application of powder coatings. With the rapid development of aluminum industry , used in powder coatings on aluminum has become a specialized branch , and gradually replace the electrophoretic paint and fluorocarbon . With the transfer of technology, but also to make special aluminum powder coating more colorful.
Requires a high strength Aluminum Alloys weatherability and decorative, therefore , must be performed on the aluminum surface treatment, surface treatment of aluminum are mainly organic coating, comprising powder coating , fluorocarbon coating and wood processing , the wood processing is also performed on the powder coating of the . Wood processing technology is divided into two kinds of water transfer and heat transfer , the technology into China since the late 1990s , with the rapid development in recent years . Its main characteristic is transferred image colorful, rich layers, its effect can be comparable with the printing and thermal transfer printing difference is that at high temperatures by sublimation thermal transfer ink , to multicolor patterns once into a graph, without trapping , condensate formed after the pattern of bright colors , and can penetrate into the powder paint coating inside 40 to 60 microns. Therefore, durable heat transfer products , patterns will not fall off , cracking and fading. Heat transfer products will not change the original gloss, abrasion resistance , weather resistance, acid and alkali resistance and other characteristics , heat transfer surface only play decorative effect. Entire heat transfer industry , has developed into a now largely complete supporting systems, including powder coating, spraying , heat transfer machine , transfer paper and transfer film manufacturing .
Thermal transfer technology but also to the emergence of powder coatings and presents new challenges that require the use of powder coatings, must be connected with thermal transfer paper, film matches , to get good transfer effect . Therefore, to explore the powder coating film sublimation thermal transfer technology and research powder coating formulation is necessary .
Thermal transfer technology in the aluminum on the application, no doubt to the special aluminum powder coating has brought boundless vitality, but also enriched the colorful nature of powder coatings . Many powder coating production plants are set up a special research and test team and specialized production workshop , there have been many professional production plant. These thermal transfer technology for developing special aluminum powder coating to promote the development has played a positive role. However , we also see the tear issues are also plagued some manufacturers . I have been to some of the aluminum powder coating plant, aluminum stickers and evacuation process is very smooth, but the tearing process becomes jammed and most of them were gathered in the tear-off and the final surface cleaning processes. How to make up tearing process is simple and smooth , powder coating formulations designed to explore aspects of the powder coating process to study coating , wood grain pattern ink on paper quality is also worthy of attention.
Requires a high strength Aluminum Alloys weatherability and decorative, therefore , must be performed on the aluminum surface treatment, surface treatment of aluminum are mainly organic coating, comprising powder coating , fluorocarbon coating and wood processing , the wood processing is also performed on the powder coating of the . Wood processing technology is divided into two kinds of water transfer and heat transfer , the technology into China since the late 1990s , with the rapid development in recent years . Its main characteristic is transferred image colorful, rich layers, its effect can be comparable with the printing and thermal transfer printing difference is that at high temperatures by sublimation thermal transfer ink , to multicolor patterns once into a graph, without trapping , condensate formed after the pattern of bright colors , and can penetrate into the powder paint coating inside 40 to 60 microns. Therefore, durable heat transfer products , patterns will not fall off , cracking and fading. Heat transfer products will not change the original gloss, abrasion resistance , weather resistance, acid and alkali resistance and other characteristics , heat transfer surface only play decorative effect. Entire heat transfer industry , has developed into a now largely complete supporting systems, including powder coating, spraying , heat transfer machine , transfer paper and transfer film manufacturing .
Thermal transfer technology but also to the emergence of powder coatings and presents new challenges that require the use of powder coatings, must be connected with thermal transfer paper, film matches , to get good transfer effect . Therefore, to explore the powder coating film sublimation thermal transfer technology and research powder coating formulation is necessary .
Thermal transfer technology in the aluminum on the application, no doubt to the special aluminum powder coating has brought boundless vitality, but also enriched the colorful nature of powder coatings . Many powder coating production plants are set up a special research and test team and specialized production workshop , there have been many professional production plant. These thermal transfer technology for developing special aluminum powder coating to promote the development has played a positive role. However , we also see the tear issues are also plagued some manufacturers . I have been to some of the aluminum powder coating plant, aluminum stickers and evacuation process is very smooth, but the tearing process becomes jammed and most of them were gathered in the tear-off and the final surface cleaning processes. How to make up tearing process is simple and smooth , powder coating formulations designed to explore aspects of the powder coating process to study coating , wood grain pattern ink on paper quality is also worthy of attention.
2013年9月13日星期五
Aluminum sliding doors exactly how to choose
Modern home concept , more inclined to save space, can be customized as well as environmentally friendly and practical aspects , including sliding doors in addition to the living room , kitchen, balcony , etc. play a spatial separation and increasing the role of privacy , but also can effectively reduce the noise , sound insulation , heat insulation performance is also very advantageous. However, many types of sliding doors , the price difference is big , how to choose what ?
Key 1: see profile section
Sliding doors on the market profiles of 6063 GB Aluminum Alloys and recycled aluminum two kinds . High quality sliding door profiles using GB 6063-T5 ( aluminum, silicon, strontium, copper, magnesium , manganese alloy ) , tough degree have a great advantage , but the thickness can reach 1.4mm or more, while quality than low profiles for the recycled aluminum , toughness and life is reduced. 6063-T5 profiles mostly use high-end imported wood handle , decorative performance is very good, and some businesses in order shoddy, often using recycled aluminum surface painted the way , consumers in the purchase, should allow business products section of the profile in order to understand the real material .
Key 2 : Listen pulley vibration
Sliding doors were upper and lower two pulleys . Slide from the guide , because mounted on the upper orbit , consumers often do not pay attention when purchasing . Good slide structure is relatively complex , not only compact, but also anti- strike rubber block doors to slide smoothly directed , effectively prevent strike action when the sliding door , and there is a strong wind pressure capacity , almost no noise. Consumers Do not be mistaken in the selection of sliding doors sliding slipping in the lighter the better , in fact, high-quality sliding doors slide should be in with a certain dignity, smooth and without vibration.
Key 3 : pick orbital altitude
To track the rational design directly affects the comfort and use of the product life , consumers should choose the optional foot feeling good , and help clean style, while , in order to house the elderly and children safe , to track height of not more than 5mm as well, which in the time of installation to be done effectively combined with ground handling .
Key 4 : Elect safety glass
In addition to not use transparent glass bathroom door , the other to occupy most of the glass sliding doors , glass doors directly determines the price level . Best selection of standard 5 +9 A +5 hollow glass , broken not hurt , high safety factor . And have excellent sound and heat insulation properties.
Key 5: pick Edge fastness
Popular on the market strips are PVC, EPDM and silicone , EPDM silicone better, not aging and corrosion profiles, glass . Also PVC shedding deformation, and prolonged use of oxidation occurs ( with a layer of oily , sticky hands , sticky dust ) .
Key 1: see profile section
Sliding doors on the market profiles of 6063 GB Aluminum Alloys and recycled aluminum two kinds . High quality sliding door profiles using GB 6063-T5 ( aluminum, silicon, strontium, copper, magnesium , manganese alloy ) , tough degree have a great advantage , but the thickness can reach 1.4mm or more, while quality than low profiles for the recycled aluminum , toughness and life is reduced. 6063-T5 profiles mostly use high-end imported wood handle , decorative performance is very good, and some businesses in order shoddy, often using recycled aluminum surface painted the way , consumers in the purchase, should allow business products section of the profile in order to understand the real material .
Key 2 : Listen pulley vibration
Sliding doors were upper and lower two pulleys . Slide from the guide , because mounted on the upper orbit , consumers often do not pay attention when purchasing . Good slide structure is relatively complex , not only compact, but also anti- strike rubber block doors to slide smoothly directed , effectively prevent strike action when the sliding door , and there is a strong wind pressure capacity , almost no noise. Consumers Do not be mistaken in the selection of sliding doors sliding slipping in the lighter the better , in fact, high-quality sliding doors slide should be in with a certain dignity, smooth and without vibration.
Key 3 : pick orbital altitude
To track the rational design directly affects the comfort and use of the product life , consumers should choose the optional foot feeling good , and help clean style, while , in order to house the elderly and children safe , to track height of not more than 5mm as well, which in the time of installation to be done effectively combined with ground handling .
Key 4 : Elect safety glass
In addition to not use transparent glass bathroom door , the other to occupy most of the glass sliding doors , glass doors directly determines the price level . Best selection of standard 5 +9 A +5 hollow glass , broken not hurt , high safety factor . And have excellent sound and heat insulation properties.
Key 5: pick Edge fastness
Popular on the market strips are PVC, EPDM and silicone , EPDM silicone better, not aging and corrosion profiles, glass . Also PVC shedding deformation, and prolonged use of oxidation occurs ( with a layer of oily , sticky hands , sticky dust ) .
Aluminum windows and doors cause water seepage and water ways
Construction of leakages in aluminum doors and windows during use is the most common , but also more difficult to cure , and over the years has become the most common aluminum alloy doors and one of the maladies . With China's large-scale residential development , doors and windows of the monomer increasingly large area and wall , resulting in more and more obvious its water leakage problem , which is a great influence on the quality of construction , economic loss caused by can not be estimated . Which reminds us to strengthen research waterproof aluminum windows and doors , to form an effective waterproof measures to effectively improve product quality. The following analysis of several common reasons and aluminum doors and windows leaking solution .
One , mainly due to water seepage analysis of Aluminum Alloys windows and doors
1 , aluminum windows and doors in the design process itself causes structural defects . Windows main structural strength and rigidity press failed to meet local wind energy target, such as the cross-section of small , thin wall thickness , resulting in aluminum windows and doors of the force rod parts, hardware fittings , seals and adhesive material under normal wind loads under the effect of severe plastic deformation , crack or damaged , resulting in failure to produce doors and windows sealed body water leakage . The reason is the product fails to accurately regulate the strength calculation and design, and is not passed before the factory-installed wind pressure caused by the physical performance test windows leak water .
2 , aluminum doors waterproof structure design is unreasonable, waterproof seal profile section level is not enough , there is no more drainage channels. When the rain in indoor and outdoor air pressure under the action easily into the cavity and into the interior aluminum doors and windows , aluminum doors and windows and into the cavity of the rain , but not through the drainage system of aluminum windows and doors smoothly discharged outdoors and stay inside with doors and windows resulting in stagnant water and produce leakage.
3 , processing and installation process can not reach the quality requirements cause . Aluminum windows and doors installed in the field , the assembly size control is not good , so that the position of each lap seal have misplaced or overlap each other undersize ; box fan fight angle seam not sealed, not glue ; or because of the pressure foot and there is a gap , door frames for fixing the fastening screws no glue closure , sealed with a sealant when sealing parts of uncleaned surfaces .
4 , materials and accessories for material differences caused . Aluminum windows and doors with sealant strips and hardware accessories such as auxiliary of inferior quality. If sealant use outdated or counterfeit fake plastic, anti- displacement capability, easy to crack ; strips excellent anti-aging time is short, easy to pull off contraction ; hardware accessories poor quality , can not afford to break or repeatedly turned deformation caused by closed lax , resulting in leakages.
5 , aluminum window frames and exterior doors connecting areas filling the hole wall sealing properly, the gap between the wall and the hole too large or too small , causing doors and windows difficult to fix and easy to produce inaccurate filling cracks , which are often caused by the construction unit . Is also one of the causes of water seepage .
Second, for the above reasons waterproof approach taken
1, the design and preparation phase . First, according to the standard should be based on the engineering characteristics of rigorous calculation and design , aluminum wall thickness, cross-section , etc. to meet the local building wind load size and use requirements. Window frames on the wall in front of the door , select the most unfavorable wind pressure or volume in the overall detection window for three , truly physical performance test to determine whether the doors meet the design requirements and performance indicators .
2 , doors and windows structural waterproofing design .
( 1 ) Aluminum alloy doors and windows when the active use of structural design isobaric principle is to improve the performance of windows and doors sealing the most effective way .
( 2 ) Events Fan amount of overlap with the sash can not be too small. Activities fan and sash casement amount of overlap should not be less than 6mm.
( 3 ) high-rise buildings , cold regions and areas with high energy requirements , maximize the use of casement windows and doors structure, with little or no sliding doors and windows structure. Because sliding windows and doors with top and bottom rails activities fan there is a big gap between and adjacent to two sashes not in the same plane, two sash seal between the clamping force is not there , relying solely on lap tops for overlap , while the gap between the tops , sealing effect is very weak , so the sliding doors and sealing performance is poor. The sash casement windows and doors and window frames have between two to three sealing rubber strip seal , after the sash closed and locked tight pressure seal strip , but it is easy to form the intermediate cavity pressure chamber , etc. , so you can design and excellent sealing performance windows and doors .
( 4 ) Install glass doors aluminum and glass design in the interior pressure line should be the direction , to avoid glass pressure line and the slight gap between sash seepage .
( 5 ) types of windows and doors sliding down to design the interior side of the flap is high enough , or when there is a certain pressure outdoor rainwater , rainwater will flow over the flap interior .
( 6 ) should be set to the upper fan doors activities Phi water board , the lower displacement provide sufficient drainage holes , so that the water can enter the doors smoothly discharged outdoors.
( 7 ) Combination doors to minimize the exposed seams , cracks can not be used because of subtle sealant arising from leakage. Exposure can not be avoided due to structural reasons patchwork , then seams profiles two contact surfaces forming 90 °, easy to inject sealant .
3 , windows and doors cutting, assembly areas to improve the production of fine level to ensure proper amount of overlap , the need to pay special attention to fans and fan inlay glass and fan with the surrounding frame lap seal case .
4 , materials and accessories for the selection of materials . Excellent choice of weathering silicone sealant, glue and frame wall fan fight angle seam sealant ; choose the regular manufacturers of hardware accessories.
5 , aluminum doors four weeks with the hole wall joints to ensure the gap size to meet the requirements , enabling between sealed and filled with waterproof material packing seal.
Conclusion
In summary , aluminum doors seepage problem may be related to the design, installation , processing, and construction units, and so on , as long as we strengthen the study of water seepage problem , summarize, take effective measures, and to strengthen the monitoring of quality of water seepage , it must able to build high-quality , seepage little aluminum doors and windows products.
One , mainly due to water seepage analysis of Aluminum Alloys windows and doors
1 , aluminum windows and doors in the design process itself causes structural defects . Windows main structural strength and rigidity press failed to meet local wind energy target, such as the cross-section of small , thin wall thickness , resulting in aluminum windows and doors of the force rod parts, hardware fittings , seals and adhesive material under normal wind loads under the effect of severe plastic deformation , crack or damaged , resulting in failure to produce doors and windows sealed body water leakage . The reason is the product fails to accurately regulate the strength calculation and design, and is not passed before the factory-installed wind pressure caused by the physical performance test windows leak water .
2 , aluminum doors waterproof structure design is unreasonable, waterproof seal profile section level is not enough , there is no more drainage channels. When the rain in indoor and outdoor air pressure under the action easily into the cavity and into the interior aluminum doors and windows , aluminum doors and windows and into the cavity of the rain , but not through the drainage system of aluminum windows and doors smoothly discharged outdoors and stay inside with doors and windows resulting in stagnant water and produce leakage.
3 , processing and installation process can not reach the quality requirements cause . Aluminum windows and doors installed in the field , the assembly size control is not good , so that the position of each lap seal have misplaced or overlap each other undersize ; box fan fight angle seam not sealed, not glue ; or because of the pressure foot and there is a gap , door frames for fixing the fastening screws no glue closure , sealed with a sealant when sealing parts of uncleaned surfaces .
4 , materials and accessories for material differences caused . Aluminum windows and doors with sealant strips and hardware accessories such as auxiliary of inferior quality. If sealant use outdated or counterfeit fake plastic, anti- displacement capability, easy to crack ; strips excellent anti-aging time is short, easy to pull off contraction ; hardware accessories poor quality , can not afford to break or repeatedly turned deformation caused by closed lax , resulting in leakages.
5 , aluminum window frames and exterior doors connecting areas filling the hole wall sealing properly, the gap between the wall and the hole too large or too small , causing doors and windows difficult to fix and easy to produce inaccurate filling cracks , which are often caused by the construction unit . Is also one of the causes of water seepage .
Second, for the above reasons waterproof approach taken
1, the design and preparation phase . First, according to the standard should be based on the engineering characteristics of rigorous calculation and design , aluminum wall thickness, cross-section , etc. to meet the local building wind load size and use requirements. Window frames on the wall in front of the door , select the most unfavorable wind pressure or volume in the overall detection window for three , truly physical performance test to determine whether the doors meet the design requirements and performance indicators .
2 , doors and windows structural waterproofing design .
( 1 ) Aluminum alloy doors and windows when the active use of structural design isobaric principle is to improve the performance of windows and doors sealing the most effective way .
( 2 ) Events Fan amount of overlap with the sash can not be too small. Activities fan and sash casement amount of overlap should not be less than 6mm.
( 3 ) high-rise buildings , cold regions and areas with high energy requirements , maximize the use of casement windows and doors structure, with little or no sliding doors and windows structure. Because sliding windows and doors with top and bottom rails activities fan there is a big gap between and adjacent to two sashes not in the same plane, two sash seal between the clamping force is not there , relying solely on lap tops for overlap , while the gap between the tops , sealing effect is very weak , so the sliding doors and sealing performance is poor. The sash casement windows and doors and window frames have between two to three sealing rubber strip seal , after the sash closed and locked tight pressure seal strip , but it is easy to form the intermediate cavity pressure chamber , etc. , so you can design and excellent sealing performance windows and doors .
( 4 ) Install glass doors aluminum and glass design in the interior pressure line should be the direction , to avoid glass pressure line and the slight gap between sash seepage .
( 5 ) types of windows and doors sliding down to design the interior side of the flap is high enough , or when there is a certain pressure outdoor rainwater , rainwater will flow over the flap interior .
( 6 ) should be set to the upper fan doors activities Phi water board , the lower displacement provide sufficient drainage holes , so that the water can enter the doors smoothly discharged outdoors.
( 7 ) Combination doors to minimize the exposed seams , cracks can not be used because of subtle sealant arising from leakage. Exposure can not be avoided due to structural reasons patchwork , then seams profiles two contact surfaces forming 90 °, easy to inject sealant .
3 , windows and doors cutting, assembly areas to improve the production of fine level to ensure proper amount of overlap , the need to pay special attention to fans and fan inlay glass and fan with the surrounding frame lap seal case .
4 , materials and accessories for the selection of materials . Excellent choice of weathering silicone sealant, glue and frame wall fan fight angle seam sealant ; choose the regular manufacturers of hardware accessories.
5 , aluminum doors four weeks with the hole wall joints to ensure the gap size to meet the requirements , enabling between sealed and filled with waterproof material packing seal.
Conclusion
In summary , aluminum doors seepage problem may be related to the design, installation , processing, and construction units, and so on , as long as we strengthen the study of water seepage problem , summarize, take effective measures, and to strengthen the monitoring of quality of water seepage , it must able to build high-quality , seepage little aluminum doors and windows products.
2013年9月12日星期四
Select aluminum skid plate method
A look at the use of materials , quality of aluminum used in aluminum skid plate , thickness, strength and oxidation film , should conform to the relevant standards, the wall thickness should be 1.2 mm or more, tensile strength of 157 Newtons per square millimeter , yield strength to 108 Newton per square millimeter , the oxide film thickness of 10 microns. If you can not reach the above criteria , is inferior aluminum windows and doors , can not be used.
Second look processing , high-quality aluminum alloy skid plate , fine processing , mounting stress, good sealing performance, switch freely . Poor quality aluminum windows and doors , aluminum blind selection series and specifications , processing shoddy, to replace the sawing and milling machining is not required for installation, sealing performance is poor, the switch does not freely, not only leaks and the emergence of glass burst leakage phenomenon, and the case to strong winds and external , easy to pull off some or glass blowing or touching down, destroy property wounding .
Third, look at the price , under normal circumstances , high-quality Aluminum Alloys skid plate due to high production costs , cheaper than inferior aluminum skid plate to be about 30% higher . Currently self-employed processing aluminum skid plate more, they do not know the structural characteristics of aluminum alloy skid plate and its properties. In order to reduce the cost of cutting corners, shoddy products hidden larger, generally should not be used . The best selection of regular aluminum skid plate manufacturer of the product .
Second look processing , high-quality aluminum alloy skid plate , fine processing , mounting stress, good sealing performance, switch freely . Poor quality aluminum windows and doors , aluminum blind selection series and specifications , processing shoddy, to replace the sawing and milling machining is not required for installation, sealing performance is poor, the switch does not freely, not only leaks and the emergence of glass burst leakage phenomenon, and the case to strong winds and external , easy to pull off some or glass blowing or touching down, destroy property wounding .
Third, look at the price , under normal circumstances , high-quality Aluminum Alloys skid plate due to high production costs , cheaper than inferior aluminum skid plate to be about 30% higher . Currently self-employed processing aluminum skid plate more, they do not know the structural characteristics of aluminum alloy skid plate and its properties. In order to reduce the cost of cutting corners, shoddy products hidden larger, generally should not be used . The best selection of regular aluminum skid plate manufacturer of the product .
2013年9月11日星期三
Insulated aluminum alloy design and assembly design
Building energy efficiency in recent years, the development of a basic world architectural trends , but also of contemporary science and technology building a new growth point . The structure of the building envelope , the less insulation of windows and doors . Therefore, improving the insulation performance of windows and doors are energy conservation a priority. Ministry of Construction promulgated the " government of the people building energy regulations in this premise, we Curtain Wall Engineering Co., Ltd. Shenzhen CATIC developed and designed Vertex insulated aluminum profiles energy-efficient windows .
Second, the development and design of the general idea
Insulated Aluminum Alloys profiles development and design of energy-efficient windows , we generally consider: performance optimization and classification , accessories versatility, markets selectively , cost performance and other aspects. Reference to national standards " of windows insulation properties and test methods," we developed and designed accordingly Vertex thermal profiles energy-efficient windows JN58, JN64, JN68 and JN78 series ( see Table 1 ) , for different regions, different requirements the owners have chosen .
Insulated aluminum profiles energy-efficient windows not only have excellent energy saving performance, but also has the following properties: ① Environmental resistance: excellent sound insulation performance , greatly reducing the noise pollution on the human body ; prevent dew condensation occur , protecting interior decoration ; ② aesthetics , using Casement opening method: mainly used for cleaning inside the open state ; mainly used within the inverted state of ventilation . In this way, not only to maintain the overall appearance of the building , but also enables a single room also seemed nice ; ③ coordination, energy-saving insulation profile aluminum window profiles can be processed separately and outside ( anodized or surface coating ) into different colors : the outdoor shapes and architectural decoration unity , indoor decoration profiles and building harmony .
Second, the development and design of the general idea
Insulated Aluminum Alloys profiles development and design of energy-efficient windows , we generally consider: performance optimization and classification , accessories versatility, markets selectively , cost performance and other aspects. Reference to national standards " of windows insulation properties and test methods," we developed and designed accordingly Vertex thermal profiles energy-efficient windows JN58, JN64, JN68 and JN78 series ( see Table 1 ) , for different regions, different requirements the owners have chosen .
Insulated aluminum profiles energy-efficient windows not only have excellent energy saving performance, but also has the following properties: ① Environmental resistance: excellent sound insulation performance , greatly reducing the noise pollution on the human body ; prevent dew condensation occur , protecting interior decoration ; ② aesthetics , using Casement opening method: mainly used for cleaning inside the open state ; mainly used within the inverted state of ventilation . In this way, not only to maintain the overall appearance of the building , but also enables a single room also seemed nice ; ③ coordination, energy-saving insulation profile aluminum window profiles can be processed separately and outside ( anodized or surface coating ) into different colors : the outdoor shapes and architectural decoration unity , indoor decoration profiles and building harmony .
2013年9月9日星期一
Aluminum screen frame product application
An electronic aluminum frame : suitable for single -sided printed circuit boards, decals, glass, printing and other printing precision require manufacturers to use : semi-automatic screen printing presses operating mainly in the main part of the material is also suitable for manual printing .
2 treadmill printing aluminum frame : suitable treadmill printing, apparel printing , gifts , leather, plastic , glass products and toys printing manufacturers use ; printing jobs mainly for manual -type lines ( running machine ) operations.
3.CD, ceramic Aluminum Alloys frame : suitable for CD player, signs nameplate , Epoxy , keyboard , plastic, shell, etc. require manufacturers to use ordinary printing precision : print jobs to a small area of ??hand printing and printing machines based ; single frame can be customized and curved frames and other special-shaped box.
4 Precision Electronics aluminum frame : suitable for multi-layer circuit boards, LCD , SMT, membrane switch, ceramic decal , tobacco packaging printing manufacturers use high precision requirements : Printing jobs mainly in automatic screen printing machine-based , some are also suitable for precision semi-automatic screen printing presses.
5 large aluminum frame: suitable for large-scale outdoor four -color advertising, light printing, automotive glass, glass curtain wall and other large-format printers used to print large format screen printing work is mainly based.
2 treadmill printing aluminum frame : suitable treadmill printing, apparel printing , gifts , leather, plastic , glass products and toys printing manufacturers use ; printing jobs mainly for manual -type lines ( running machine ) operations.
3.CD, ceramic Aluminum Alloys frame : suitable for CD player, signs nameplate , Epoxy , keyboard , plastic, shell, etc. require manufacturers to use ordinary printing precision : print jobs to a small area of ??hand printing and printing machines based ; single frame can be customized and curved frames and other special-shaped box.
4 Precision Electronics aluminum frame : suitable for multi-layer circuit boards, LCD , SMT, membrane switch, ceramic decal , tobacco packaging printing manufacturers use high precision requirements : Printing jobs mainly in automatic screen printing machine-based , some are also suitable for precision semi-automatic screen printing presses.
5 large aluminum frame: suitable for large-scale outdoor four -color advertising, light printing, automotive glass, glass curtain wall and other large-format printers used to print large format screen printing work is mainly based.
Aluminum material before spraying Process Control
Aluminum Alloys spray a lot of pre-treatment process , depending on the circumstances , such as the spatial location of plant condition that the size of the workpiece material ( cold-rolled plate , hot-rolled plate, galvanized sheet , aluminum , glass, steel , etc. ) , the surface condition ( corrosion , anti-rust oil , debris ) , production volume , quality requirements and other options . Different manufacturers use different processes . If the overall passenger car production processes and quality requirements is basically the same , pre-treatment processes generally have the following two ways:
1 , parts pre-treatment
The typical process:
Pre- degreasing degreasing → ??washing → ??I → II → pickling → ??washing → ??washing in and III → table adjustment phosphate → washing IV → passivation
Our factory can be adjusted to the actual situation :
As pretreatment parts , acid rust is essential. However, the former process , the best corrosion member and non- corrosion member separate pieces pickling corrosion , non- corrosion member is preferably not to be pickled .
2 , pre-treatment products
Pre-treatment of the entire product is immersed in the bath products for surface treatment , there are a lot of manufacturers to adopt . Transfer process between a manual control and automatic control of two . Is the use of more advanced PLC program automatic control, can realize automatic transfer between processes . General process is: degreasing → ??washing → table adjustment phosphate → washing .
Processing used before spraying device is a combination spray cleaning machine , by means of spraying the cleaning principle mechanical and chemical action , to complete degreasing , phosphating , passivation, cleaning processes .
Joint typical spray cleaning machine processes are: degreasing , washing, table transfer, phosphating , passivation , washed with pure water .
Its structure is characterized by: each step pre-treatment production line sprinkler pipe arranged in a tunnel , spray each sump pump to provide. Various processes have openings plate separated to prevent channeling fluid. The form of the heating tank heating tank and outside the tank . Within the heater exhaust pipe, coiled pipe , corrugated board, etc. ; outside heater tube , plate heaters. Heating medium hot water, steam , oil and so on. In degreasing , phosphating processes , respectively, with degreasing systems and slag removal system . To prevent the heating section of the tunnel openings at the top and overflow steam exhaust fan in the tunnel at the top with .
The process control elements are as follows :
1 , skim
Degreasing degreasing agent mechanism is by saponification of various oils , solubilizing , wetting , dispersing , emulsifying effect, so that grease from the surface from , the material becomes soluble or emulsified uniformly dispersed stably in the groove fluid . Quality is evaluated based on skim skim the surface of the workpiece can not have a visual oil, emulsions and other dirt , the surface should be washed thoroughly wetted by water as the standard . The quality depends skim free alkalinity , the temperature of the degreasing liquid , the processing time , mechanical and degreasing liquid oil and other factors :
( 1 ) free alkalinity (FAL)
Degreasing agents in order to ensure the best results the appropriate concentration . Generally only need to detect degreasing fluid free alkalinity , FAL is too low, degreasing effect is relatively poor ; FAL too high, not only caused material waste , but also to increase the burden of back- washing , pollution will be severe after the sequence tables reconcile phosphorus technology .
( 2 ) the temperature of the degreasing liquid
Any one have the best degreasing degreasing liquid temperature, the temperature is lower than process requirements, can not be fully degreasing effect ; temperature is too high , not only increases energy consumption, but also bring some side effects. Such as degreasing agent evaporates too quickly , the workpiece surface is dry from the bath due to faster , easily causing artifacts return to rust , alkali spots , oxidation and other ills affecting the quality phosphide after the procedure . Automatic temperature control also needs to be checked regularly .
( 3 ) Processing time
Degreasing liquid oil on the workpiece must be full contact , there is sufficient contact time in order to ensure a good degreasing effect . But skim too long, blunt workpiece surface will increase , affecting phosphate film formation.
( 4 ) the impact of mechanical action
Degreasing process, supplemented by mechanical action , using pump circulation or workpiece moves , it can strengthen the degreasing effect and shorten the immersion cleaning time ; spray skim skim faster than dipping more than 10 times faster .
( 5 ) degreasing liquid oil content:
With the recycling of the bath , bath oil content will continue to increase inside , when a certain percentage, the degreasing effect of degreasing agents and cleaning efficiency will be significantly decreased , even if the bath by adding the drug to maintain a high concentration , the surface to be treated the cleanliness is still not improved. Degreasing liquid has been aging deterioration , must replace the entire tank . Production is generally based on the use of bath time and processing workload timely exchange slot.
2 , acid
Product manufacturing rolled steel molding or storage in the transport process , the surface will produce rust. As loose rust layer structure , and substrate adhesion is not strong, and can be composed of iron oxide and aluminum primary cells, to further promote aluminum corrosion, the coating will soon be destroyed, so it must be before painting Ex . Product is commonly used pickling rust, it does not make aluminum workpiece deformation , corrosion every corner can be cleaned, rust fast , relatively low cost. Mainly after pickling pickling quality of the workpiece should not be seen visually oxides, rust and corrosion phenomena over the standard , the impact effect of rust main factors :
( 1 ) free acidity (FA)
Determination of free acidity of the pickling tank FA, is to verify the effect of the level of the pickling tank rust most direct and effective evaluation. Low free acidity , rust poor results. Free acidity is too high, the work environment mist larger content is not conducive to labor protection ; aluminum surface is easy to produce "over eclipse " phenomenon ; and residual acid cleaning more difficult, easily lead to subsequent contamination of the bath .
( 2 ) temperature and time
Most pickling is carried out at room temperature , when heated pickling , the general control between 40 ℃ ~ 70 ℃ , while the temperature of the pickling capabilities greater impact, but the temperature is too high will increase the workpiece , corrosion of the equipment , the impact of the work environment is also very unfavorable ; and in the complete removal of rust under the premise of pickling time should be as short as possible to reduce the aluminum corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement . Therefore, the process should be strictly controlled bath temperature and workpiece processing time.
( 3 ) Pollution aging
Acid in rust process, will continue to bring oil or other impurities , which can be suspended impurities fishing manner by scraping to remove ; when soluble iron ions above a certain level , the bath will not only greatly reduce the effects of rust , and the excess iron ions with the surface of the raffinate tank mixed phosphate , phosphate bath pollution accelerated aging, seriously affect the quality of the workpiece phosphate , general acid content of iron ions should be controlled in not more than 6 % 10% is appropriate. Control targets must be replaced over the bath .
3, Table tune
Surface modifier can remove the workpiece surface due to alkali degreasing or pickling rust caused by the unevenness of the surface condition , the aluminum surface to form a large number of fine crystalline center , thus speeding up the reaction rate phosphate , beneficial phosphate film formation.
( 1 ) Water Quality
Used bath water in the aquifer as a serious rust , calcium and magnesium ion content greater surface conditioning liquid will affect the stability of the bath can be prepared in advance to add a water softener to remove liquid water on the surface conditioning effects .
( 2 ) use of time
General Table transfers colloidal titanium salt is used , the existence of colloidal activity , when the use of longer or more impurities contained in the colloidal ions lose activity , time stable colloidal state is destroyed , bath layered sediment , were flocculent In this case you must replace the bath .
4 , phosphate
Phosphate is a chemical and electrochemical reaction to form phosphate chemical conversion coating process , the formation of phosphate chemical conversion film called phosphate coating . Bus Painting commonly used low-temperature zinc phosphating solution . Phosphide main purpose is to provide protection to the aluminum substrate , to a certain extent, to prevent corrosion of aluminum ; used primer before painting , to improve the film layer attached focus and corrosion resistance . Phosphate pre-treatment process is the most important aspect of the reaction mechanism is complex and influenced by many factors , so the phosphate bath relative to the other bath is much more complex production process control .
( 1 ) acid ratio ( total acidity and free acidity ratio )
Phosphate acid ratio improved to accelerate the reaction rate, the phosphate coating thin and delicate, but the acid ratio is too high layer is too thin , it can lead phosphate workpiece hanging gray ; acid ratio is too low, the reaction is slow phosphide , phosphorus of crystal thick porous , corrosion resistance is low, prone to yellow rust phosphating workpiece . Generally phosphating liquid system or a different formula than the size of its acid requirements are also different .
( 2) Temperature
An appropriate increase in the bath temperature , film speed, but the temperature is too high, the changes will affect the acid ratio , thereby affecting the stability of the bath , while thick film nuclei , increasing the amount of the slag bath .
( 3 ) the amount of sediment
As the reaction continued for phosphate , the bath will gradually increase the amount of sediment , the excess sludge can affect the surface of the interface reaction , resulting phosphate film blur, gray hanging serious , or even film , so bath to according to the amount of the workpiece handling and use of timely trough time for slag desludging .
( 4 ) nitrite NO-2 ( accelerator concentration )
NO-2 can accelerate the phosphating reaction speed, increase the density of phosphate coatings and corrosion resistance , the content is too high to make the film prone to the phenomenon of white spots or hair color ; too low, the film is slow , phosphate coating Yi raw yellow rust .
( 5 ) SO2-4 sulfate
Acid concentration is too high or washing lotion are easily lead to poor control of phosphate bath of sulfuric acid ions increased , the high phosphate sulfate ions will slow down the reaction rate, the coarse grain porous phosphate film , hanging ash serious , phosphate coating corrosion resistance decreases.
( 6 ) ferrous ions Fe2 +:
Phosphating solution containing ferrous ions is too high , makes the room temperature phosphate coating corrosion resistance decreased ; make phosphate coating coarse grains in the temperature , the surface floating lime , corrosion resistance decreased ; phosphating sludge will increase in volume and temperature large , the solution becomes cloudy , and the free acidity increased.
5 , passivation ( closed )
The purpose of the passivation film is a closed porosity phosphate , phosphate coating to improve the corrosion resistance , especially to improve the overall coating adhesion and corrosion resistance . The general use of chrome and chrome- containing treatment in two ways, however, some type of passivation with alkaline salts (most phosphate , carbonate , nitrite , phosphate, etc. ) , these substances serious damage paint film 's long-term adhesion and corrosion resistance .
6 , washing
The purpose of washing is to remove from the surface brought out on a bath residue , washed their quality can directly affect the quality of the workpiece and the entire phosphating bath stability. Washing bath generally control the following:
( A ) sludge residue content is not too high . Prone to high levels of ash hung workpiece surface .
( 2 ) the bath surface should be without suspended impurities. General washing method using overflow washing, in order to ensure the bath surface without suspended oil or other impurities.
( 3 ) PH value should be close to neutral bath . PH value is too high or too low are likely to cause bath string grooves , thus affecting subsequent stability of the bath .
1 , parts pre-treatment
The typical process:
Pre- degreasing degreasing → ??washing → ??I → II → pickling → ??washing → ??washing in and III → table adjustment phosphate → washing IV → passivation
Our factory can be adjusted to the actual situation :
As pretreatment parts , acid rust is essential. However, the former process , the best corrosion member and non- corrosion member separate pieces pickling corrosion , non- corrosion member is preferably not to be pickled .
2 , pre-treatment products
Pre-treatment of the entire product is immersed in the bath products for surface treatment , there are a lot of manufacturers to adopt . Transfer process between a manual control and automatic control of two . Is the use of more advanced PLC program automatic control, can realize automatic transfer between processes . General process is: degreasing → ??washing → table adjustment phosphate → washing .
Processing used before spraying device is a combination spray cleaning machine , by means of spraying the cleaning principle mechanical and chemical action , to complete degreasing , phosphating , passivation, cleaning processes .
Joint typical spray cleaning machine processes are: degreasing , washing, table transfer, phosphating , passivation , washed with pure water .
Its structure is characterized by: each step pre-treatment production line sprinkler pipe arranged in a tunnel , spray each sump pump to provide. Various processes have openings plate separated to prevent channeling fluid. The form of the heating tank heating tank and outside the tank . Within the heater exhaust pipe, coiled pipe , corrugated board, etc. ; outside heater tube , plate heaters. Heating medium hot water, steam , oil and so on. In degreasing , phosphating processes , respectively, with degreasing systems and slag removal system . To prevent the heating section of the tunnel openings at the top and overflow steam exhaust fan in the tunnel at the top with .
The process control elements are as follows :
1 , skim
Degreasing degreasing agent mechanism is by saponification of various oils , solubilizing , wetting , dispersing , emulsifying effect, so that grease from the surface from , the material becomes soluble or emulsified uniformly dispersed stably in the groove fluid . Quality is evaluated based on skim skim the surface of the workpiece can not have a visual oil, emulsions and other dirt , the surface should be washed thoroughly wetted by water as the standard . The quality depends skim free alkalinity , the temperature of the degreasing liquid , the processing time , mechanical and degreasing liquid oil and other factors :
( 1 ) free alkalinity (FAL)
Degreasing agents in order to ensure the best results the appropriate concentration . Generally only need to detect degreasing fluid free alkalinity , FAL is too low, degreasing effect is relatively poor ; FAL too high, not only caused material waste , but also to increase the burden of back- washing , pollution will be severe after the sequence tables reconcile phosphorus technology .
( 2 ) the temperature of the degreasing liquid
Any one have the best degreasing degreasing liquid temperature, the temperature is lower than process requirements, can not be fully degreasing effect ; temperature is too high , not only increases energy consumption, but also bring some side effects. Such as degreasing agent evaporates too quickly , the workpiece surface is dry from the bath due to faster , easily causing artifacts return to rust , alkali spots , oxidation and other ills affecting the quality phosphide after the procedure . Automatic temperature control also needs to be checked regularly .
( 3 ) Processing time
Degreasing liquid oil on the workpiece must be full contact , there is sufficient contact time in order to ensure a good degreasing effect . But skim too long, blunt workpiece surface will increase , affecting phosphate film formation.
( 4 ) the impact of mechanical action
Degreasing process, supplemented by mechanical action , using pump circulation or workpiece moves , it can strengthen the degreasing effect and shorten the immersion cleaning time ; spray skim skim faster than dipping more than 10 times faster .
( 5 ) degreasing liquid oil content:
With the recycling of the bath , bath oil content will continue to increase inside , when a certain percentage, the degreasing effect of degreasing agents and cleaning efficiency will be significantly decreased , even if the bath by adding the drug to maintain a high concentration , the surface to be treated the cleanliness is still not improved. Degreasing liquid has been aging deterioration , must replace the entire tank . Production is generally based on the use of bath time and processing workload timely exchange slot.
2 , acid
Product manufacturing rolled steel molding or storage in the transport process , the surface will produce rust. As loose rust layer structure , and substrate adhesion is not strong, and can be composed of iron oxide and aluminum primary cells, to further promote aluminum corrosion, the coating will soon be destroyed, so it must be before painting Ex . Product is commonly used pickling rust, it does not make aluminum workpiece deformation , corrosion every corner can be cleaned, rust fast , relatively low cost. Mainly after pickling pickling quality of the workpiece should not be seen visually oxides, rust and corrosion phenomena over the standard , the impact effect of rust main factors :
( 1 ) free acidity (FA)
Determination of free acidity of the pickling tank FA, is to verify the effect of the level of the pickling tank rust most direct and effective evaluation. Low free acidity , rust poor results. Free acidity is too high, the work environment mist larger content is not conducive to labor protection ; aluminum surface is easy to produce "over eclipse " phenomenon ; and residual acid cleaning more difficult, easily lead to subsequent contamination of the bath .
( 2 ) temperature and time
Most pickling is carried out at room temperature , when heated pickling , the general control between 40 ℃ ~ 70 ℃ , while the temperature of the pickling capabilities greater impact, but the temperature is too high will increase the workpiece , corrosion of the equipment , the impact of the work environment is also very unfavorable ; and in the complete removal of rust under the premise of pickling time should be as short as possible to reduce the aluminum corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement . Therefore, the process should be strictly controlled bath temperature and workpiece processing time.
( 3 ) Pollution aging
Acid in rust process, will continue to bring oil or other impurities , which can be suspended impurities fishing manner by scraping to remove ; when soluble iron ions above a certain level , the bath will not only greatly reduce the effects of rust , and the excess iron ions with the surface of the raffinate tank mixed phosphate , phosphate bath pollution accelerated aging, seriously affect the quality of the workpiece phosphate , general acid content of iron ions should be controlled in not more than 6 % 10% is appropriate. Control targets must be replaced over the bath .
3, Table tune
Surface modifier can remove the workpiece surface due to alkali degreasing or pickling rust caused by the unevenness of the surface condition , the aluminum surface to form a large number of fine crystalline center , thus speeding up the reaction rate phosphate , beneficial phosphate film formation.
( 1 ) Water Quality
Used bath water in the aquifer as a serious rust , calcium and magnesium ion content greater surface conditioning liquid will affect the stability of the bath can be prepared in advance to add a water softener to remove liquid water on the surface conditioning effects .
( 2 ) use of time
General Table transfers colloidal titanium salt is used , the existence of colloidal activity , when the use of longer or more impurities contained in the colloidal ions lose activity , time stable colloidal state is destroyed , bath layered sediment , were flocculent In this case you must replace the bath .
4 , phosphate
Phosphate is a chemical and electrochemical reaction to form phosphate chemical conversion coating process , the formation of phosphate chemical conversion film called phosphate coating . Bus Painting commonly used low-temperature zinc phosphating solution . Phosphide main purpose is to provide protection to the aluminum substrate , to a certain extent, to prevent corrosion of aluminum ; used primer before painting , to improve the film layer attached focus and corrosion resistance . Phosphate pre-treatment process is the most important aspect of the reaction mechanism is complex and influenced by many factors , so the phosphate bath relative to the other bath is much more complex production process control .
( 1 ) acid ratio ( total acidity and free acidity ratio )
Phosphate acid ratio improved to accelerate the reaction rate, the phosphate coating thin and delicate, but the acid ratio is too high layer is too thin , it can lead phosphate workpiece hanging gray ; acid ratio is too low, the reaction is slow phosphide , phosphorus of crystal thick porous , corrosion resistance is low, prone to yellow rust phosphating workpiece . Generally phosphating liquid system or a different formula than the size of its acid requirements are also different .
( 2) Temperature
An appropriate increase in the bath temperature , film speed, but the temperature is too high, the changes will affect the acid ratio , thereby affecting the stability of the bath , while thick film nuclei , increasing the amount of the slag bath .
( 3 ) the amount of sediment
As the reaction continued for phosphate , the bath will gradually increase the amount of sediment , the excess sludge can affect the surface of the interface reaction , resulting phosphate film blur, gray hanging serious , or even film , so bath to according to the amount of the workpiece handling and use of timely trough time for slag desludging .
( 4 ) nitrite NO-2 ( accelerator concentration )
NO-2 can accelerate the phosphating reaction speed, increase the density of phosphate coatings and corrosion resistance , the content is too high to make the film prone to the phenomenon of white spots or hair color ; too low, the film is slow , phosphate coating Yi raw yellow rust .
( 5 ) SO2-4 sulfate
Acid concentration is too high or washing lotion are easily lead to poor control of phosphate bath of sulfuric acid ions increased , the high phosphate sulfate ions will slow down the reaction rate, the coarse grain porous phosphate film , hanging ash serious , phosphate coating corrosion resistance decreases.
( 6 ) ferrous ions Fe2 +:
Phosphating solution containing ferrous ions is too high , makes the room temperature phosphate coating corrosion resistance decreased ; make phosphate coating coarse grains in the temperature , the surface floating lime , corrosion resistance decreased ; phosphating sludge will increase in volume and temperature large , the solution becomes cloudy , and the free acidity increased.
5 , passivation ( closed )
The purpose of the passivation film is a closed porosity phosphate , phosphate coating to improve the corrosion resistance , especially to improve the overall coating adhesion and corrosion resistance . The general use of chrome and chrome- containing treatment in two ways, however, some type of passivation with alkaline salts (most phosphate , carbonate , nitrite , phosphate, etc. ) , these substances serious damage paint film 's long-term adhesion and corrosion resistance .
6 , washing
The purpose of washing is to remove from the surface brought out on a bath residue , washed their quality can directly affect the quality of the workpiece and the entire phosphating bath stability. Washing bath generally control the following:
( A ) sludge residue content is not too high . Prone to high levels of ash hung workpiece surface .
( 2 ) the bath surface should be without suspended impurities. General washing method using overflow washing, in order to ensure the bath surface without suspended oil or other impurities.
( 3 ) PH value should be close to neutral bath . PH value is too high or too low are likely to cause bath string grooves , thus affecting subsequent stability of the bath .
2013年9月7日星期六
Aluminum plant equipment operation and maintenance rules
From the law of that Aluminum Alloys equipment wear, normal wear the longer the better use of equipment. In other words, to make the use of equipment in use on the best, we must ensure that normal wear and tear of equipment equal to the natural life. Thus, we can draw such a basic concept, that is, the device is put into production after use, I hope it is in use of the available time better.
Device performance level of availability of time is determined by the equipment downtime. To achieve this goal, various factors involved, it is the device itself, in addition to the quality of the composition (including performance reliability and durability, the structure is reasonable, the selection of advanced, reasonable, processing, manufacturing quality assurance, etc.) is the basic condition, the use of the correct, rational use, well maintenance, careful management, the objective is to extend the life of equipment requirements, give full play equipment effectiveness, improve the basic conditions for the time availability . Equipment downtime, the more work, the less time available, the time may be lower utilization; Conversely, time availability is higher.
Our vision is to require device can rate one hundred percent of the time. Practical work countless examples show that the same model, same manufacturer in the same period production equipment used in the same environmental conditions, because the conditions of use and maintenance pros and cons, effects a great disparity. This situation not only between two devices, even in the same piece of equipment will vary depending on the operational use of the use of personnel, maintenance level differences, the use effect is not the same.
Device performance level of availability of time is determined by the equipment downtime. To achieve this goal, various factors involved, it is the device itself, in addition to the quality of the composition (including performance reliability and durability, the structure is reasonable, the selection of advanced, reasonable, processing, manufacturing quality assurance, etc.) is the basic condition, the use of the correct, rational use, well maintenance, careful management, the objective is to extend the life of equipment requirements, give full play equipment effectiveness, improve the basic conditions for the time availability . Equipment downtime, the more work, the less time available, the time may be lower utilization; Conversely, time availability is higher.
Our vision is to require device can rate one hundred percent of the time. Practical work countless examples show that the same model, same manufacturer in the same period production equipment used in the same environmental conditions, because the conditions of use and maintenance pros and cons, effects a great disparity. This situation not only between two devices, even in the same piece of equipment will vary depending on the operational use of the use of personnel, maintenance level differences, the use effect is not the same.
Mastic awareness and understanding of complex aluminum
Aluminum Alloys and polymer composite insulating material is a combination of new windows, doors and curtain wall building materials. Through this combination of aluminum profiles form a central insulating interlayer, thus achieving "insulated aluminum" purposes. Insulated aluminum composite bridge mainly wear strip with mastic two types.
Mastic composite aluminum heat energy technology originated in the United States, in general, these techniques are the polymers and aluminum mixed. Companies on behalf of the United States Eliasson type composite aluminum casting technology, by pouring the bridge molded polyurethane insulation inside and outside the two-part aluminum bonding formed into a whole in order to achieve energy-saving purposes. Its performance, technology, cost and so very satisfactory. From the late 1930s, with the widespread use of aluminum doors and windows, some of the innovative American designers began to consider the aluminum door and window insulation is poor, so as to effectively solve the aluminum energy-saving technologies.
Mastic composite aluminum heat energy technology originated in the United States, in general, these techniques are the polymers and aluminum mixed. Companies on behalf of the United States Eliasson type composite aluminum casting technology, by pouring the bridge molded polyurethane insulation inside and outside the two-part aluminum bonding formed into a whole in order to achieve energy-saving purposes. Its performance, technology, cost and so very satisfactory. From the late 1930s, with the widespread use of aluminum doors and windows, some of the innovative American designers began to consider the aluminum door and window insulation is poor, so as to effectively solve the aluminum energy-saving technologies.
2013年9月6日星期五
Aluminum crack causes and solutions
Cracks in the Aluminum Alloys extrusion profiles by tensile stress levels in the surface of different metal lateral tearing . The main cause of this phenomenon , the analysis , mainly the following :
First, because the friction causes the metal surface being attached to the role of tensile stress , when attached to a metal surface is greater than the tensile strength tensile stress is generated when the crack ;
Second, the extrusion temperature is too high , the metal surface tensile strength decline in the cracks under the action of friction ;
Third, the extrusion speed is too fast , the metal surface with tensile stress suffered cracks increase the profile .
The method can solve this reason , only the strict control of the extrusion process parameters to ensure reasonable exit speed and outlet temperatures , in order to reduce the phenomenon of aluminum crack . This requires the company's strict checks and supervision of production processes.
First, because the friction causes the metal surface being attached to the role of tensile stress , when attached to a metal surface is greater than the tensile strength tensile stress is generated when the crack ;
Second, the extrusion temperature is too high , the metal surface tensile strength decline in the cracks under the action of friction ;
Third, the extrusion speed is too fast , the metal surface with tensile stress suffered cracks increase the profile .
The method can solve this reason , only the strict control of the extrusion process parameters to ensure reasonable exit speed and outlet temperatures , in order to reduce the phenomenon of aluminum crack . This requires the company's strict checks and supervision of production processes.
2013年8月28日星期三
Aluminum welding operations required
1 welding torch can not be dipped in solder powder after heating, because the low melting point rod.
2 welding time success better, because aluminum alloys melting point is too low peeling knives, the second reheating tubes easily deformed.
3 liner must be placed wet towels to protect the place, because the welding space is very small, so be sure to pay attention to the protection of the refrigerator.
4 torch flame is not too long, and must be heated with a slow fire, or dispersing agents tubes easily melted.
5 welding is completed, the slurry to wait two special nylon yarn, three minutes after the cement pipe cooling can access the repository, or leaky joints.
6 Welding flux must be applied evenly to ensure the quality of solder joints.
7. Welding time not too long, because the melting point is too low for too long aluminum tube wall easily lead to melting or thinning, suppressed easily leak.
8 welding torch can not be dipped in solder powder after heating, because the low melting point rod.
2 welding time success better, because aluminum alloys melting point is too low peeling knives, the second reheating tubes easily deformed.
3 liner must be placed wet towels to protect the place, because the welding space is very small, so be sure to pay attention to the protection of the refrigerator.
4 torch flame is not too long, and must be heated with a slow fire, or dispersing agents tubes easily melted.
5 welding is completed, the slurry to wait two special nylon yarn, three minutes after the cement pipe cooling can access the repository, or leaky joints.
6 Welding flux must be applied evenly to ensure the quality of solder joints.
7. Welding time not too long, because the melting point is too low for too long aluminum tube wall easily lead to melting or thinning, suppressed easily leak.
8 welding torch can not be dipped in solder powder after heating, because the low melting point rod.
2013年8月23日星期五
Clean little knowledge of aluminum windows and doors
Now many families are choosing to use in the decoration of aluminum windows and doors, because aluminum is the special metal materials, following a brief number of aluminum windows and doors cleaning method.
1 in the clean aluminum doors and windows, do not step on the aluminum frame, and do not pull box for support. So easy to wear their doors or unexpected accidents.
2 aluminum doors and windows with a soft cloth dampened with water or a neutral detergent, do not use ordinary soap and washing powder, but can not use scouring powder, toilet sperm washing detergents and other strong acid, it will corrode the surface profile.
3 sealed plastic glass tops and aluminum doors and windows sealed insulation is to ensure that the key structures, if off to be repaired, replaced.
4 After the rain, should be dry and wet glass door frames.
5 should always check the door or window frame joints, timely tightening bolts, replace the damaged parts. Positioning shaft pin, wind bracing, aluminum windows and doors in the spring and other consumable parts, one should always check regularly lubricating kept clean and flexible.
6 aluminum alloys doors and windows in use, action to light, push comes naturally; find difficult not to deadlift hard push, you should first troubleshooting. Fouling, the deformation is the main difficulty sliding aluminum doors and windows, door frames to keep clean, especially the sliding groove clean. Available vacuumed sealed tank tops and doors fouling.
7 Always check the wall junction aluminum door frames, aluminum doors and windows if loose easily falling into the frame overall deformation, so that doors can not be closed, sealed. Therefore, the junction should immediately tighten loose screws, such as screw loose footing, apply a small amount of epoxy cement cementing strong glue tune.
1 in the clean aluminum doors and windows, do not step on the aluminum frame, and do not pull box for support. So easy to wear their doors or unexpected accidents.
2 aluminum doors and windows with a soft cloth dampened with water or a neutral detergent, do not use ordinary soap and washing powder, but can not use scouring powder, toilet sperm washing detergents and other strong acid, it will corrode the surface profile.
3 sealed plastic glass tops and aluminum doors and windows sealed insulation is to ensure that the key structures, if off to be repaired, replaced.
4 After the rain, should be dry and wet glass door frames.
5 should always check the door or window frame joints, timely tightening bolts, replace the damaged parts. Positioning shaft pin, wind bracing, aluminum windows and doors in the spring and other consumable parts, one should always check regularly lubricating kept clean and flexible.
6 aluminum alloys doors and windows in use, action to light, push comes naturally; find difficult not to deadlift hard push, you should first troubleshooting. Fouling, the deformation is the main difficulty sliding aluminum doors and windows, door frames to keep clean, especially the sliding groove clean. Available vacuumed sealed tank tops and doors fouling.
7 Always check the wall junction aluminum door frames, aluminum doors and windows if loose easily falling into the frame overall deformation, so that doors can not be closed, sealed. Therefore, the junction should immediately tighten loose screws, such as screw loose footing, apply a small amount of epoxy cement cementing strong glue tune.
High precision aluminum profiles production of photovoltaic technology research
Get on the planet of the solar photovoltaic energy is an inexhaustible supply of new pollution-free green energy, focus on the development of our country identified seven emerging industries, its solar panels pillar framework and its supporting structure, rod, supporting legs, etc., can be used the most economical and durable aluminum alloy extrusion manufacturing, aluminum alloy material application of new markets and applications have been implemented worldwide. Below is a brief introduction of solar photovoltaic manufacturing process aluminum production technology and key nodes for the same industry production officers.
Optimize mold design and manufacturing
Solar photovoltaic aluminum mold is to ensure the product shape, dimensional accuracy important tool. Mold design and manufacturing quality extrusion production is to achieve high quality, low cost, high efficiency, low cost important guarantee. Therefore, to manufacture high precision aluminum extrusions PV, must optimize the mold design and manufacturing.
The use of advanced mold manufacturing equipment
Precision advanced mold processing equipment is guaranteed to metal extrusion die qualified prerequisite. Therefore, production of photovoltaic aluminum alloys profiles should adopt advanced mold processing equipment, such as CNC, wire cut, three-axis machining centers, EDM machining centers to improve the precision mold and performance.
Rational arrangement of bores
In order to ensure good symmetry PV profiles, improve production efficiency and yield, die hole centrosymmetric arrangement must comply with the principle of multi-mode holes arranged symmetrically. Mold design process, try to bridge digital design in non-decorative surface profiles, in order to avoid flaws exposed.
Optimized design work with
Working with a stable product size and product surface quality assurance section. Designed to work with the length of the mold, to minimize the gap, to be gentle on the change in length, and the use of pro-flow obstruction angle and angular velocity to reduce the metal to achieve a uniform and improved metal flow profile surface quality.
Optimize mold design and manufacturing
Solar photovoltaic aluminum mold is to ensure the product shape, dimensional accuracy important tool. Mold design and manufacturing quality extrusion production is to achieve high quality, low cost, high efficiency, low cost important guarantee. Therefore, to manufacture high precision aluminum extrusions PV, must optimize the mold design and manufacturing.
The use of advanced mold manufacturing equipment
Precision advanced mold processing equipment is guaranteed to metal extrusion die qualified prerequisite. Therefore, production of photovoltaic aluminum alloys profiles should adopt advanced mold processing equipment, such as CNC, wire cut, three-axis machining centers, EDM machining centers to improve the precision mold and performance.
Rational arrangement of bores
In order to ensure good symmetry PV profiles, improve production efficiency and yield, die hole centrosymmetric arrangement must comply with the principle of multi-mode holes arranged symmetrically. Mold design process, try to bridge digital design in non-decorative surface profiles, in order to avoid flaws exposed.
Optimized design work with
Working with a stable product size and product surface quality assurance section. Designed to work with the length of the mold, to minimize the gap, to be gentle on the change in length, and the use of pro-flow obstruction angle and angular velocity to reduce the metal to achieve a uniform and improved metal flow profile surface quality.
2013年8月22日星期四
Classification of aluminum alloys
Cast Aluminum Alloys can be classified according to chemical composition of Al-Si alloys, aluminum-copper alloys, magnesium alloys and aluminum-zinc alloy. A pure aluminum products aluminum smelting products and pressure processed sub categories, the former chemical composition Al said the latter with pinyin LG (aluminum, industrial use) expressed. Second, the pressure processing aluminum alloy pressure processing products into rust (LF), hard (LY), forging (LD), hard (LC), coated (LB), special (LT) and the solder ( LQ) and other seven categories. State of the aluminum alloy material used annealing (M annealing), hardened (Y), hot (R), three. Third, aluminum and aluminum alloy processed into a certain shape of the material referred to aluminum, including plate, strip, foil, tubes, rods, wire, type. Fourth, cast aluminum cast aluminum alloy (ZL) by components outside the main elements of aluminum silicon, copper, magnesium, zinc divided into four categories, namely 100,200,300,400 code encoding. Five, high-strength aluminum alloy high strength aluminum alloy means a tensile strength greater than 480 MPa aluminum, primarily in hard aluminum alloy pressure processing class, hard aluminum alloy casting classes and categories.
Quality aluminum alloy material identification methods
First: the use of materials
Aluminum windows and doors main timber generally include three aspects: aluminum, glass, metal pieces, the owners buy products, they often pay more attention to the thickness of aluminum and glass, while the hardware requirements are not very high, it is not comprehensive. In fact, the state requirements for aluminum windows and doors there is a certain standard. High-quality aluminum alloy doors and windows used, its thickness, strength, and the oxide film can generally in line with national standards, such as relevant state requirements: aluminum windows and doors Aluminum Alloys wall thickness shall be not less than 1.2mm, the oxide film thickness of 10 microns. The tempered glass is better than ordinary glass, doors and windows if to consider safety and durability, stainless steel metal parts (such as screws, hinges, handles, etc.) than the aluminum parts is good, but the best choice pulley products using POM material because such products have higher strength and wear resistance, use the process smooth, non-perishable. You know, usually from doors and windows broken window fittings started yo!
Second: Processing
With good material, the next step is the processing of the doors and windows. Because aluminum windows and doors the technical content is not high, the current is not high degree of mechanization, the majority of workers are also dependent on the installation manual, which requires operators to have a good awareness of product quality. In the production process to enhance the operator's proficiency and product awareness is very important. High-quality aluminum windows and doors, fine processing, tangent smooth, consistent angle (main frame material under normal circumstances is 45 degrees or 90 degrees), in the splicing process should not appear obvious gap, good sealing performance, switching smoothly. Poor quality aluminum windows and doors, especially if machining aluminum outdoor window products fail, there will be sealed nature of problems, not only leakage leaking, but also in the strong winds and large external force, the glass will be burst, shedding phenomenon, giving cause losses of property owners and even wounding phenomenon.
Third: Appearance
Owners buy aluminum doors and windows products, usually very focused on the product's appearance and glass decorative patterns, but often underestimate the surface of aluminum windows and doors composite membrane, the composite membrane is an artificial coloring oxide film formation, corrosion resistant, wear-resistant loss, high gloss, but also has a certain fire safety features, so buy more aluminum doors and windows products should compare similar products. Art on the glaziers varies with different owners to choose according to their preferences.
Fourth: Price
Since the level of prices and aluminum windows and doors aluminum price level has a direct correlation, but in general the performance of aluminum windows and doors in a given period the price is relatively stable, in general, than the price of inferior quality aluminum alloy 30% higher windows and doors, aluminum windows and doors usually inferior contains a lot of impurities in recycled aluminum extruded aluminum, the use of aluminum and some only 0.6-0.8 mm wall thickness, either from the tensile strength or yield degrees are greatly below the national regulations, such aluminum alloy doors and windows, especially aluminum outdoor window is very safe, so the owners do not buy products cheaper and despise momentary own personal safety and that of others.
Aluminum windows and doors main timber generally include three aspects: aluminum, glass, metal pieces, the owners buy products, they often pay more attention to the thickness of aluminum and glass, while the hardware requirements are not very high, it is not comprehensive. In fact, the state requirements for aluminum windows and doors there is a certain standard. High-quality aluminum alloy doors and windows used, its thickness, strength, and the oxide film can generally in line with national standards, such as relevant state requirements: aluminum windows and doors Aluminum Alloys wall thickness shall be not less than 1.2mm, the oxide film thickness of 10 microns. The tempered glass is better than ordinary glass, doors and windows if to consider safety and durability, stainless steel metal parts (such as screws, hinges, handles, etc.) than the aluminum parts is good, but the best choice pulley products using POM material because such products have higher strength and wear resistance, use the process smooth, non-perishable. You know, usually from doors and windows broken window fittings started yo!
Second: Processing
With good material, the next step is the processing of the doors and windows. Because aluminum windows and doors the technical content is not high, the current is not high degree of mechanization, the majority of workers are also dependent on the installation manual, which requires operators to have a good awareness of product quality. In the production process to enhance the operator's proficiency and product awareness is very important. High-quality aluminum windows and doors, fine processing, tangent smooth, consistent angle (main frame material under normal circumstances is 45 degrees or 90 degrees), in the splicing process should not appear obvious gap, good sealing performance, switching smoothly. Poor quality aluminum windows and doors, especially if machining aluminum outdoor window products fail, there will be sealed nature of problems, not only leakage leaking, but also in the strong winds and large external force, the glass will be burst, shedding phenomenon, giving cause losses of property owners and even wounding phenomenon.
Third: Appearance
Owners buy aluminum doors and windows products, usually very focused on the product's appearance and glass decorative patterns, but often underestimate the surface of aluminum windows and doors composite membrane, the composite membrane is an artificial coloring oxide film formation, corrosion resistant, wear-resistant loss, high gloss, but also has a certain fire safety features, so buy more aluminum doors and windows products should compare similar products. Art on the glaziers varies with different owners to choose according to their preferences.
Fourth: Price
Since the level of prices and aluminum windows and doors aluminum price level has a direct correlation, but in general the performance of aluminum windows and doors in a given period the price is relatively stable, in general, than the price of inferior quality aluminum alloy 30% higher windows and doors, aluminum windows and doors usually inferior contains a lot of impurities in recycled aluminum extruded aluminum, the use of aluminum and some only 0.6-0.8 mm wall thickness, either from the tensile strength or yield degrees are greatly below the national regulations, such aluminum alloy doors and windows, especially aluminum outdoor window is very safe, so the owners do not buy products cheaper and despise momentary own personal safety and that of others.
2013年8月20日星期二
Performance analysis of aluminum powder coating
1, the higher the purity, the better the corrosion resistance, it is known, aluminum with oxygen in the air role in the aluminum surface will produce a thin layer of dense natural oxide film, other than the metal oxide film generated fast and more thick, thereby preventing harmful gases in the air and moisture corrosion, play a protective role;
2, the corrosion resistance of aluminum is good, but poor mechanical strength, which to some extent, restricted the application of aluminum, so people in the aluminum adding an appropriate amount of magnesium, copper, zinc and other metals to produce various types of aluminum, high mechanical strength aluminum alloy, the mechanical strength of the aluminum greatly improved greatly expanded range of applications, although the mechanical strength aluminum alloy, but poor corrosion resistance than aluminum, so it is possible to corrosion due to oxidation. This need for powder coating on Aluminum Alloys to protect, aluminum for its proportion of small, easy processing, mechanical strength and other characteristics are widely used for many years building windows and doors, curtain wall and other products. ,
After powder coating, aluminum has a high corrosion resistance, color diversification, good surface texture and many other advantages, with different exterior house paint echoes to build a colorful buildings.
2, the corrosion resistance of aluminum is good, but poor mechanical strength, which to some extent, restricted the application of aluminum, so people in the aluminum adding an appropriate amount of magnesium, copper, zinc and other metals to produce various types of aluminum, high mechanical strength aluminum alloy, the mechanical strength of the aluminum greatly improved greatly expanded range of applications, although the mechanical strength aluminum alloy, but poor corrosion resistance than aluminum, so it is possible to corrosion due to oxidation. This need for powder coating on Aluminum Alloys to protect, aluminum for its proportion of small, easy processing, mechanical strength and other characteristics are widely used for many years building windows and doors, curtain wall and other products. ,
After powder coating, aluminum has a high corrosion resistance, color diversification, good surface texture and many other advantages, with different exterior house paint echoes to build a colorful buildings.
Insulated aluminum processing technology classification
Insulated aluminum processing technology can be divided according to two categories: embedded and dispensing roll style. At present, there is no corresponding standard insulation aluminum in Europe insulation systems generally use mass of technology, North America and Korea perform AAMA TIR-A8-90 plastic injection-type Aluminum Alloys structure building insulation performance specifications. Our bridge insulated walls and windows and doors in both the pass there dispensing strip style.
(1) Rolling embedded
Is dedicated heat insulation aluminum doors and windows, inside and outside the two aluminum insert special notch, through special machinery rolling, leaving the insulation strip fused with internal and external profiles, this approach in European countries, especially Germany and Italy, Central European countries generally adopted.
(2) dispensing formula
The basic principle is to treat aluminum alloy into two parts between the two using a specially formulated polymer insulating polymer eleven off hot glue to combine. Thus, one hundred aluminum alloy is formed between the inner and outer part of the effective heat insulation layer, so that through the door window frame profiles or fan heat dissipation pathway is blocked, to achieve energy-efficient insulation purposes.
(1) Rolling embedded
Is dedicated heat insulation aluminum doors and windows, inside and outside the two aluminum insert special notch, through special machinery rolling, leaving the insulation strip fused with internal and external profiles, this approach in European countries, especially Germany and Italy, Central European countries generally adopted.
(2) dispensing formula
The basic principle is to treat aluminum alloy into two parts between the two using a specially formulated polymer insulating polymer eleven off hot glue to combine. Thus, one hundred aluminum alloy is formed between the inner and outer part of the effective heat insulation layer, so that through the door window frame profiles or fan heat dissipation pathway is blocked, to achieve energy-efficient insulation purposes.
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